亚热带城市湖泊与河流CO₂气体通量特征及其影响因素     

刘纪明  赵优  肖启涛  屈琦  胡又心  李郑杰  易心钰  卢伟志 《湖泊科学》2024,36(2):499-511

湖泊、河流等内陆水体是连接陆地生态系统和海洋的“长程碳环路”的重要节点,也是温室气体二氧化碳(CO₂)排放源,在调节陆地、海洋间的碳迁移转换中发挥着重要作用。相对于自然水体,城市水体因面积小、水深浅且受监测方法限制,水-气界面碳通量经常被忽略。为探讨我国亚热带城市水体温室气体排放特征,本研究以湖南省长沙市典型城市水体,包括洋湖、西湖、松雅湖、月湖4个湖泊和湘江长沙段为研究对象,分别于2022年4和10月采用光化学反馈-腔增强吸收光谱法(OF-CEAS)和扩散模型法对水-气界面CO₂通量进行对比测定。结果表明,长沙城市湖泊与河流春季为CO₂排放源,秋季为吸收汇,河流水-气界面CO₂通量呈显著季节差异。河湖之间CO₂通量在春季表现为显著差异,秋季差异不显著。CO₂通量与水体溶解氧、水体总氮浓度等呈显著正相关。2种方法的CO₂通量对比测定在湖泊上显著相关,但对河流而言相关性不显著。研究揭示的城市湖泊与河流CO₂气体的排放特征有利于深入探究城市水体碳的迁移转化,可对全面了解全球气候变化过程和河湖湿地温室气体减排和调控提供科学支撑。  相似文献   

2003-2015年北京市观象台酸雨特征以及长期趋势分析     

乔晓燕  尹佳莉  李林  孟磊 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2018,12(4):52-57

本文利用2003年-2015年观象台的酸雨观测资料,统计分析了北京市观象台酸雨分布特征及长期变化趋势。结论如下,北京市观象台降水年均pH值的变化范围为4.34～5.87,北京市观象台酸雨变化分为三个阶段：2003～2005年年均pH值较高,2006年是转折点,年均pH值比2005年下降0.42, 2007～2010年的年均pH值均低于4.5,在此期间北京地区已成为重酸雨污染区,2011～2015年pH值呈现较稳定的上升趋势。由于北京地区夏、秋季节温度及湿度均较高,加快了酸雨前体物的转换速率,而冬、春季节干旱少雨,大气中沙尘和颗粒较多,对酸性降水有缓冲作用,所以酸雨发生频率在夏季、秋季明显高于春季、冬季。降水的年均电导率的变化范围为48.8～99.5μs/cm,年际变化规律不明显,但电导率与降水量存在相关性,总降水量较小的年份,年均电导率偏高;总降水量较大的年份,年均电导率偏低。  相似文献   

The assumption of uniform specific discharge: unsafe at any time?          下载免费PDF全文

R. H. Karlsen  J. Seibert  T. Grabs  H. Laudon  P. Blomkvist  K. Bishop 《水文研究》2016,30(21):3978-3988

Nearby catchments in the same landscape are often assumed to have similar specific discharge (runoff per unit catchment area). Five years of streamflow from 14 nested catchments in a 68 km² landscape was used to test this assumption, with the hypothesis that the spatial variability in specific discharge is smaller than the uncertainties in the measurement. The median spatial variability of specific discharge, defined as subcatchment deviation from the catchment outlet, was 33% at the daily scale. This declined to 24% at a monthly scale and 19% at an annual scale. These specific discharge differences are on the same order of magnitude as predicted for major land‐use conversions or a century of climate change. Spatial variability remained when considering uncertainties in specific discharge, and systematic seasonal patterns in specific discharge variation further provide confidence that these differences are more than just errors in the analysis of catchment area, rainfall variability or gauging. Assuming similar specific discharge in nearby catchments can thus lead to spurious conclusions about the effects of disturbance on hydrological and biogeochemical processes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A penultimate glacial climate record from southern Hungary     

《第四纪科学杂志》2017,32(7):946-956

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Year‐round estimation of soil moisture content using temporally variable soil hydraulic parameters          下载免费PDF全文

Vaclav Sipek  Miroslav Tesar 《水文研究》2017,31(6):1438-1452

Soil moisture plays a key role in the hydrological cycle as it controls the flux of water between soil, vegetation, and atmosphere. This study is focused on a year‐round estimation of soil moisture in a forested mountain area using the bucket model approach. For this purpose, three different soil moisture models are utilised. The procedure is based on splitting the whole year into two complement periods (dormant and vegetation). Model parameters are allowed to vary between the two periods and also from year to year in the calibration procedure. Consequently, two sets of average model parameters corresponding to dormant and vegetation seasons are proposed. The process of splitting is strongly supported by the experimental data, and it enables us to variate saturated hydraulic conductivity and pore‐size characterisation. The use of the two different parameter sets significantly enhances the simulation of two (Teuling and Troch model and soil water balance model‐green–ampt [SWBM‐GA]) out of three models in the 6‐year period from 2009 to 2014. For these two models, the overall Nash‐Sutcliffe coefficient increased from 0.64 to 0.79 and from 0.55 to 0.80. The third model (the Laio approach) proved to be insensitive to parameter changes due to its insufficient drainage prediction. The variability of the warm and cold parameter sets between particular years is more pronounced in the warm periods. The cold periods exhibited approximately similar character during all 6 years.  相似文献   

Quantitative assessment of the contribution of climate variability and human activity to streamflow alteration in Dongting Lake,China          下载免费PDF全文

Yujie Yuan  Chang Zhang  Guangming Zeng  Jie Liang  Shenglian Guo  Lu Huang  Haipeng Wu  Shanshan Hua 《水文研究》2016,30(12):1929-1939

Climate variability and human activity were regarded as two contributors to streamflow alteration. However, the contributions of the two factors were still unclear in Dongting Lake. Therefore, it was crucial to quantify the relative impact of climate variability and human activity on streamflow alteration. The time series (1961–2010) was divided into three periods, namely, natural period (1961–1980), change period I (1981–2002) and change period II (2003–2010). Sensitivity analysis based on Budyko‐type equations was applied to reveal the contributions of climate variability and human activity in those two change periods, respectively. The results showed that during the change period I, climate variability was the main factor responsible for streamflow alteration in most parts of Dongting Lake, accounting for 60.07–67.27%. However, the impact of climate variability was slightly smaller than that of human activity in West Dongting Lake (the former accounting for 43.20% while the latter accounting for 56.80%). For the change period II, human activity was the dominate factor for streamflow alteration, accounting for 58.89–78.33%. The impact of climate variability gradually decreased while the impact of human activity gradually increased. Along with the intensification of the human activity, the impact of it became more dominant. The results could provide a reference for water resources planning and management decisions. Under the condition of uncontrollable climatic factor, effective measures should be put forward in controlling human activity, such as reservoir/dam operation, closed management of protected area and so on. Besides, it is essential to study the impact of climate variability on future water resources and water resource management under different climate change scenarios. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

伽马噪窄线赛弗特1型星系的长期红外光变和颜色变化     

毛李胜 《天文研究与技术》2021,(2):162-172

一些窄线赛弗特(Seyfert)1型星系因具有GeV伽马射线辐射(伽马噪)而受到持续关注,截至目前,共报道22个伽马噪窄线赛弗特1型星系,另有3个高置信度候选体。利用广域红外巡天探测器(Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer,WISE)数据平台,获取了这些源W 1(3.4μm)和W 2(4.6μm)两个红外波段的2010年1月至2019年12月同时性测光数据。采用参数V和标准额外方差σ_NXV²NXV方法,分析了它们的长期光变现象,结果表明,24个源表现出长期亮度(W 1星等)变化,17个源表现出长期颜色(W₁-W₂)变化。通过研究颜色与星等的相关性,发现7个源表现出变亮变红现象(Redder-When-Brighter,RWB),4个源表现出变亮变蓝现象(Bluer-When-Brighter,BWB)。最后简要讨论了颜色变化的可能解释和暗示。  相似文献   

Spatial variability effect of internal friction angle on the post-failure behavior of landslides using a random and non-Newtonian fluid based SPH method     

《地学前缘(英文版)》2020,11(4):1107-1121

This study proposed a random Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method for analyzing the post-failure behavior of landslides,which is based on the Karhunen-Loeve(K-L) expansion,the non-Newtonian fluid model,and the OpenMP parallel framework.Then,the applicability of this method was validated by comparing the generated random field with theoretical result and by simulating the post-failure process of an actual landslide.Thereafter,an illustrative landslide example was created and simulated to obtain the spatial variability effect of internal friction angle on the post-failure behavior of landslides under different coefficients of variation(COVs) and correlation lengths(CLs).As a conclusion,the reinforcement with materials of a larger friction angle can reduce the runout distance and impact the force of a landslide.As the increase of COV,the distribution range of influence zones also increases,which indicates that the deviation of influence zones becomes large.In addition,the correlation length in Monte Carlo simulations should not be too small,otherwise the variation range of influence zones will be underestimated.  相似文献   

Quantifying precipitation extremes and their relationships with large-scale climate oscillations in a tropical country,Singapore: 1980–2018     

Rengui Jiang  Ruijuan Cao  Xi Xi Lu  Jiancang Xie  Yong Zhao  Fawen Li 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2020,41(3):384-412

Extreme precipitation indices (EPIs) were defined to quantify the precipitation extremes in Singapore, a typical tropical country situated near the equator. The paper investigated the spatial and temporal variability of precipitation extremes based on seventeen EPIs using non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope, and further explored the linear and nonlinear relationships between precipitation extremes and four large-scale global climate oscillations using correlation and wavelet analysis, during the period of 1980–2018 in Singapore. The results indicated that the trends of precipitation extremes varied for different EPIs, regions and stations. Increasing trends dominated thirteen out of seventeen EPIs. The trends of EPIs were scattered and irregularly distributed. The cross-correlation analysis between different EPIs demonstrated that annual total precipitation on wet days (PRCPTOT) was strongly correlated with other EPIs. The result of composite analysis indicated that El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) exerted stronger impacts on southwest monsoon season (SMS) precipitation than PRCPTOT and northeast monsoon season (NMS) precipitation. The SMS precipitation composite suggested that ENSO created more influence on dry spells than wet spells. The linear and nonlinear relationships revealed that all climate oscillations were negatively correlated with precipitation. The wavelet coherence and phase differences were consistent with the results of correlation analysis, indicating possible prediction of precipitation extremes using climate oscillations as potential predictors.  相似文献   

南大西洋副热带偶极子的年际变化     

申都涵  林霄沛 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2020,(1):1-10

南大西洋副热带偶极子(South Atlantic Subtropical Dipole;SASD)为南大西洋海洋与大气相互作用的主要模态。它的空间型为海表面温度异常呈现东北-西南偶极子分布。当SASD指数大于1,为SASD正事件,小于-1,为负事件。根据1960-2016年HadISST(Hadley Center Global Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature)数据,本文鉴别出57年中共发生6次正事件和9次负事件。SASD存在显著的5~8年周期的年际变化特征。本文进一步利用1992-2016年ECCO2(Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean,PhaseⅡ)模式数据,根据温度倾向方程分别诊断了SASD西南极和东北极的混合层温度变化。诊断结果表明,SASD的年际变化主要来自于表面热力强迫项的年际变化。考虑到表面热力强迫项主要由短波辐射项控制,SASD的年际变化最终来源于短波辐射项的年际变化。  相似文献